Lecture 20

Reminders

What modules do

A complex Python program usually has many lines.

Keeping them in one file is quite limiting. Very long source files are hard to navigate and understand.

Modules are Python's solution. They let you spread code across multiple files.

Modules so far

We discussed the math, random, sys, and os modules. The pattern is the same: Import the module to make it available, use the functions as module_name.fn_name(...).

import sys
import os

if os.path.exists("out.dat"):
    print("Error: out.dat already exists; not overwriting.")
    sys.exit()

f = open("out.dat","w")
# ...

Making your own module

import foo

will look for a module named "foo" in the current directory and several other places. The list of places is stored in sys.path.

For example if foo.py exists in the current directory, it will be imported by this command.

What importing means

Functions and variables from the module are made available with the module name as a prefix, e.g. doit() becomes foo.doit().

Code in the module outside any function is executed. Usually, files designed to be used as modules have no code other than functions and global variables.

Example: dice game

Why to use modules

• Reusability: The same module can be used by many programs.
• Isolation: No conflict between function and var names in module and those in program.
• Implementation hiding: Can substitute any module which accomplishes the same tasks (e.g. more efficiently) with no change to main program.

What to move into a module

• Functions with related purpose.
• Functions that call each other, but nothing from the rest of the program.
• Functions whose purpose is significantly more general from the program you are developing.

Other import syntax

If you want to, it is possible to import a few functions from a module into the global namespace, i.e. so the module name need not be used when calling them.

import random

print("Random digit: ",random.randint(0,9))

Other import syntax

If you want to, it is possible to import a few functions from a module into the global namespace, i.e. so the module name need not be used when calling them.

from random import randint

print("Random digit: ",randint(0,9))

from module import name

from module import name0, name1, name2

from module import *

Advice

import foo is almost always better than
from foo import ...

Rule

You are not allowed to use from foo import ... in code submitted to MCS 260 assignments.

Programs that work as modules

It is convenient to write programs that do something when run on their own, but which only define functions when imported. This makes it easier to test functions in the REPL, for example.

# no_main_wrap.py
# Importing this will run the main loop

def f(x):
    """polynomial function"""
    return 2.0*x**3 - 3.0*x**2 

# Main loop
for i in range(11):
    t = i/10
    print("f({}) = {}".format(t,f(t)))

# main_wrap.py
# Importing this will not run anything

def f(x):
    """polynomial function"""
    return 2.0*x**3 - 3.0*x**2 

def main():
    # Main loop
    for i in range(11):
        t = i/10
        print("f({}) = {}".format(t,f(t)))

if __name__=="__main__":
    # We are the main program, not an import
    main()